In 2016, Hillary Clinton was a former secretary of state and senator working towards the politically inexperienced real-estate tycoon Donald Trump. She misplaced. Folks would vote for a girl, the considering went, simply not that girl.
In 2024, Kamala Harris was the vice chairman, a former senator, and a former lawyer common additionally working towards Trump, who was by then a convicted felon and sexual abuser. She additionally misplaced. Folks would vote for a girl, as soon as once more, simply not that girl.
The occasions of the previous eight years may immediate some to marvel: If Clinton wasn’t adequate, and neither was Harris, will a girl ever be adequate to be president? What sort of a girl would it not take? In accordance with interviews I performed with six researchers who research gender and politics, sexism was a small however vital issue that labored towards Harris. And it’s going to be an issue for any girl who runs for president. “American voters are inclined to imagine within the summary that they help the thought of a girl candidate, however after they get the true ladies in entrance of them, they discover another motive to not just like the candidate,” Karrin Vasby Anderson, a communications professor at Colorado State College, advised me. In 2017, she wrote an article in regards to the lengthy odds confronted by ladies working for president. The title? “Each Girl Is the Unsuitable Girl.”
It’s essential to not overstate the function that sexism performed in Harris’s loss. She’s the vice chairman of an unpopular incumbent. Though the U.S. financial system writ giant is objectively sturdy, many citizens really feel pinched by excessive inflation and rates of interest. And after President Joe Biden dropped out of the race in July, Harris had lower than 4 months to make her case to the American public. A really small variety of folks have ever run for president, and, properly, somebody has to lose.
However some persons are biased towards feminine presidential candidates. In 2017, a research discovered that about 13 % of People had been “offended or upset” in regards to the concept of a girl serving as president. In an experiment that very same 12 months utilizing hypothetical political candidates, Yoshikuni Ono and Barry Burden, political scientists on the College of Wisconsin at Madison, discovered that voters punish feminine candidates working for president by 2.4 proportion factors. Because of this a hypothetical feminine candidate would get, say, 47 % of the vote, slightly than 49.4 % if she had been a person. This bias towards feminine presidential candidates, Ono and Burden discovered, was most pronounced amongst males and amongst politically unaffiliated voters—two demographics that Harris struggled with. (As a result of they don’t really feel strongly connected to a celebration, independents depend on different traits of the candidates to make up their thoughts.)
The apparent counterpoint is that, though they’re nonetheless underrepresented, ladies have attained different kinds of excessive political workplaces. We’ve by no means had a feminine president, however ladies make up almost a 3rd of Congress. Twelve governors are ladies.
The presidency could also be completely different from different elected positions, although. When researchers ask voters to listing the traits that they need in a president, they fee masculine-coded traits, akin to energy, as extra essential than feminine-coded ones, akin to compassion. “The status and the peak of the workplace contributes to the notion that ladies are simply too large of a danger to take,” Nichole Bauer, a political-communication professor at Louisiana State College, advised me.
Masculinity is so essential to the presidency that candidates typically attempt to forged their male opponents as female: Consider George W. Bush portray John Kerry as effete in 2004, and Marco Rubio’s opponents mocking him for his high-heeled boots in 2016. Feminine heads of state are inclined to emerge in nations—together with Germany and the UK—which have parliamentary techniques, during which leaders are chosen by political events, not by voters.
However ladies who behave in masculine-seeming methods are additionally penalized for not being historically female. “For a lady to be seen as presidential, she must be hyper-masculine, however the second she does that, she is condemned by a swath of the inhabitants for violating norms of femininity,” Caroline Heldman, a gender-studies professor at Occidental Faculty, advised me. “Sarah Palin tried to straddle the masculine-feminine line actually large, ripping the heart out of a moose, and Hillary Clinton barely stepped on both facet of the road along with her pearls and her pants. It simply doesn’t matter. All of them get crushed up in the identical sexist methods.”
Members of Congress, in the meantime, aren’t held to this identical macho normal. There are extra of them, they individually have much less energy, and they’re seen as servants of the folks. They’re center managers to the president’s large boss. And though governors are additionally chief executives, they don’t command a whole nation’s military. Their households aren’t held up as a great American household, with the daddy in cost. As a feminine presidential candidate, “you’re upsetting not simply our concept of what presidents needs to be,” Anderson mentioned, “however you’re upsetting a complete bunch of gender norms.”
Of their research, Ono and Burden discovered that the hypothetical feminine candidates weren’t deprived in the event that they had been described as working for Congress slightly than for president. Burden advised me he suspects it’s because there has by no means been a feminine president, so voters pressure to think about what a feminine president could be like.
This creates a maddening state of affairs during which a girl can’t get elected president as a result of there’s by no means been a girl elected president. A number of of the researchers I interviewed had been nonetheless uncertain that one would win the presidency anytime quickly. “It will be actually nice to see a girl within the White Home in my lifetime, however I’m very pessimistic,” Heldman mentioned. Anderson advised me that nominating one other girl could be a “strategic danger” for both celebration.
Basically, a feminine candidate must overcome her femaleness with a purpose to win a presidential race. She must be working with vital tailwinds—as a “change” candidate throughout a horrible financial system, say—in order that voters wouldn’t pay an excessive amount of consideration to her gender. That is much like what occurred in 2008: An unpopular Republican was president, the financial system was a wreck, and the preternaturally charismatic Barack Obama stepped into the breach. He turned the primary Black president, and now nobody questions whether or not there may very well be one other. However we’re nonetheless holding out for the feminine Obama. We is likely to be ready for some time.